Manual and Automation Testing Interview Questions for Freshers

Introduction: Growing Fresher Hiring Demand in Software Testing

Software testing is one of the most accessible and in-demand entry-level IT careers. As companies release software faster using Agile and DevOps, they need testers who understand both manual and automation basics. 

Why Companies Hire Freshers for Testing Roles 

Companies actively hire freshers for software testing because they can be trained quickly and become valuable members of software development teams. A strong understanding of testing fundamentals helps organizations maintain software quality while supporting faster release cycles. 

The major reasons companies recruit freshers for testing roles include: 

• Manual testing builds strong fundamentals.  

• Automation testing supports speed and repeatability.  

• Freshers can be trained quickly on real projects.  

• Testing skills are needed across web, mobile, API, and cloud applications.  

What Interviewers Look for in Freshers 

Because of this growing demand, interviews often include manual and automation testing interview questions for freshers to evaluate important skills such as: 

• Basic testing knowledge.  

• Logical thinking and problem-solving ability.  

• Willingness to learn automation testing.  

This article is written step by step, in simple language, specifically for fresh graduates and beginners. It explains the core concepts of software testing before moving on to commonly asked interview questions and practical examples. 

What Is Software Testing? (Simple Explanation) 

Software Testing is the process of checking whether a software application works correctly and as expected. It helps verify that every feature functions according to business requirements and provides a smooth user experience. 

Instead of assuming software works correctly, testers validate each feature by executing different scenarios and comparing the actual results with the expected results. 

Simple Example 

Consider a login page. 

The testing process involves the following steps: 

• User enters a username and password.  

• User clicks the Login button.  

• If the credentials are correct, the login should be successful.  

• If the credentials are incorrect, an appropriate error message should be displayed.  

What Does Testing Check? 

While testing the login functionality, a tester verifies several things, including: 

• Is the login functionality working correctly?  

• Are the displayed error messages accurate?  

• Does the application crash during any scenario?  

• Is the application behaving as expected for valid and invalid inputs?  

Main Goals of Software Testing 

The primary objectives of software testing are: 

• Find bugs early.  

• Improve software quality.  

• Ensure a good user experience.  

Finding defects before software reaches customers reduces maintenance costs, improves customer satisfaction, and helps deliver reliable applications. 

What Is Manual Testing? 

Manual Testing means testing software by hand, without using automation tools. In this approach, testers interact with the application like real users and verify whether every feature behaves according to the expected requirements. 

Manual testing plays an important role because it helps testers understand application workflows, business requirements, and user behavior before moving into automation testing. 

What Does a Manual Tester Do? 

A manual tester performs several activities while testing an application, including: 

• Clicking buttons.  

• Entering different input values.  

• Observing the application’s behavior.  

• Comparing actual results with expected results.  

• Reporting bugs found during testing.  

Example of Manual Testing 

A simple example of manual testing is: 

• Enter an incorrect password.  

• Click the Login button.  

• Verify that the correct error message is displayed.  

This entire process is performed manually without writing any automation scripts. 

Why Is Manual Testing Important? 

Manual testing remains an essential part of software quality assurance because it helps testers: 

• Understand application functionality.  

• Improve analytical and logical thinking.  

• Identify usability issues.  

• Learn business requirements.  

• Build a strong foundation for automation testing.  

Manual testing is the foundation for automation testing. 

What Is Automation Testing? (For Freshers) 

Automation Testing uses tools and scripts to test software automatically instead of performing the same test cases manually every time. 

Automation is mainly used for repetitive testing activities where executing the same test repeatedly by hand becomes time-consuming. 

Simple Explanation 

Instead of repeating the same test manually: 

• Write a script once.  

• Execute it multiple times whenever required.  

This saves time and improves testing efficiency, especially during regression testing. 

Example 

Manual Testing 

• Enter username and password every time.  

• Click the Login button manually.  

• Verify the result manually.  

Automation Testing 

• The automation script enters the username.  

• The script enters the password.  

• The script clicks the Login button.  

• The script automatically verifies whether the login is successful.  

Why Companies Use Automation Testing 

Organizations adopt automation testing because it provides several benefits, including: 

• Faster test execution.  

• Reduced repetitive manual work.  

• Improved accuracy.  

• Better test coverage.  

• Reusable test scripts.  

• Support for Agile and DevOps development.  

• Faster software releases.  

What Freshers Should Know 

Freshers are not expected to be expert automation engineers. Instead, interviewers generally expect candidates to understand the basic concepts of automation testing, including: 

• What automation testing is.  

• Why automation testing is needed.  

• How automation differs from manual testing.  

• Basic knowledge of popular automation tools such as Selenium.  

• Willingness to learn scripting and automation frameworks.  

Understanding these fundamentals is usually enough to answer basic automation testing interview questions for freshers and demonstrate readiness to learn on real projects. 

Manual and Automation Testing Interview Questions for Freshers 

 Basic Testing Questions (1–20) 

1. What is Software Testing? 

Software Testing is the process of checking whether a software application works correctly according to the specified requirements. It involves executing the application, identifying defects, and verifying that every feature behaves as expected. 

The main objective of software testing is to ensure that the software is reliable, secure, user-friendly, and free from critical defects before it is released to customers. 

Example: 
If a login page should allow only registered users to log in, testing verifies that valid users can log in successfully while invalid users receive an appropriate error message. 

2. Why is Testing Important? 

Testing is important because it helps identify bugs before the software reaches end users. Finding defects early reduces development costs, improves software quality, and increases customer satisfaction. 

Without proper testing, software may crash, produce incorrect results, expose security vulnerabilities, or provide a poor user experience. 

Benefits of Testing 

• Finds defects before release.  

• Improves software quality.  

• Reduces maintenance costs.  

• Ensures customer satisfaction.  

• Verifies business requirements.  

• Builds confidence in the product.  

3. What is a Bug? 

A bug, also called a defect or issue, is an error in the software that causes the application to behave differently from the expected result. 

Bugs can occur because of coding mistakes, incorrect requirements, design flaws, or integration issues. 

Example: 

Expected Result: 
Clicking the Login button should open the dashboard. 

Actual Result: 
The application crashes after clicking Login. 

This difference is considered a bug. 

4. What is Manual Testing? 

Manual Testing is the process of testing software without using automation tools. Testers manually execute test cases, interact with the application, compare expected and actual results, and report any defects they find. 

Manual testing is essential because it helps testers understand business requirements, application workflows, and user experience. 

Activities Performed in Manual Testing 

• Executing test cases.  

• Entering different input values.  

• Clicking buttons and navigating screens.  

• Verifying outputs.  

• Reporting defects.  

5. What is Automation Testing? 

Automation Testing is the process of testing software using automation tools and scripts instead of manually executing test cases every time. 

Automation is mainly used for repetitive, regression, and large-scale testing where manual execution would take more time. 

Benefits 

• Faster execution.  

• Reusable scripts.  

• Higher accuracy.  

• Saves time.  

• Supports continuous testing.  

6. Can Automation Replace Manual Testing? 

No. Automation testing cannot completely replace manual testing. 

Automation is excellent for repetitive and regression testing, while manual testing is still necessary for exploratory testing, usability testing, ad-hoc testing, and evaluating the overall user experience. 

Both manual and automation testing complement each other. 

7. What is a Test Case? 

A Test Case is a detailed document containing the steps, test data, expected result, and actual result used to verify a specific functionality. 

A good test case ensures that a feature works correctly under different conditions. 

A Test Case Usually Includes 

• Test Case ID  

• Scenario  

• Preconditions  

• Test Steps  

• Test Data  

• Expected Result  

• Actual Result  

• Status  

8. What is a Test Scenario? 

A Test Scenario is a high-level description of what needs to be tested. It focuses on the functionality without describing every individual step. 

Example: 

Test Scenario: 
Verify Login Functionality. 

Under this scenario, multiple detailed test cases can be created for valid login, invalid login, empty fields, and password validation. 

9. Difference Between Test Case and Test Scenario? 

A Test Scenario is a high-level testing objective, whereas a Test Case contains detailed testing steps. 

Test Scenario	Test Case
High-level idea	Detailed document
Covers functionality	Covers step-by-step validation
Less detailed	Highly detailed
Easier to write	More time-consuming

10. What is Verification? 

Verification is the process of checking documents, requirements, designs, and specifications without executing the application. 

It answers the question: 

“Are we building the product correctly?” 

Verification includes: 

• Requirement reviews  

• Design reviews  

• Code reviews  

• Walkthroughs  

• Inspections  

11. What is Validation? 

Validation is the process of executing the software to verify that it satisfies user requirements. 

It answers the question: 

“Are we building the right product?” 

Validation includes different types of testing performed on the actual application. 

12. What is SDLC? 

SDLC stands for Software Development Life Cycle. 

It is a structured process followed to develop software from initial planning to maintenance. 

SDLC Phases 

• Requirement Gathering  

• Analysis  

• Design  

• Development  

• Testing  

• Deployment  

• Maintenance  

13. What is STLC? 

STLC stands for Software Testing Life Cycle. 

It describes all testing activities performed during software development. 

STLC Phases 

• Requirement Analysis  

• Test Planning  

• Test Case Development  

• Environment Setup  

• Test Execution  

• Defect Reporting  

• Test Closure  

14. What is Black Box Testing? 

Black Box Testing is a testing technique in which testers verify application functionality without knowing the internal source code. 

The tester focuses only on inputs and outputs. 

Example 

Entering valid login credentials and checking whether login succeeds. 

15. What is Functional Testing? 

Functional Testing verifies that every feature works according to business requirements. 

It checks what the application does rather than how it is built. 

Examples include: 

• Login Testing  

• Registration Testing  

• Payment Testing  

• Search Functionality Testing  

16. What is Non-Functional Testing? 

Non-Functional Testing evaluates aspects other than functionality. 

It checks how well the system performs. 

Examples include: 

• Performance Testing  

• Load Testing  

• Security Testing  

• Compatibility Testing  

• Usability Testing  

17. What is Smoke Testing? 

Smoke Testing is a basic level of testing performed after receiving a new software build. 

Its purpose is to verify that critical functionalities work properly before detailed testing begins. 

Examples include: 

• Login works.  

• Dashboard opens.  

• Application launches successfully.  

18. What is Sanity Testing? 

Sanity Testing is a quick round of testing performed after minor code changes or bug fixes. 

Its purpose is to verify that the modified functionality works correctly without performing complete regression testing. 

19. What is Regression Testing? 

Regression Testing verifies that existing functionalities continue to work correctly after new changes, bug fixes, or enhancements. 

It ensures that recent modifications have not introduced new defects into previously working features. 

Regression testing is one of the most common areas where automation testing is used. 

20. What is a Build? 

A Build is a compiled version of the software provided by developers for testing. 

Each build contains new features, enhancements, or bug fixes that testers need to verify before release. 

Manual Testing Interview Questions (21–40) 

21. What is Positive Testing? 

Positive Testing verifies that the application works correctly when users provide valid inputs. 

It ensures that expected functionality behaves correctly under normal conditions. 

Example: Logging in with a valid username and password. 

22. What is Negative Testing? 

Negative Testing verifies how the application behaves when users provide invalid, unexpected, or incorrect inputs. 

The objective is to ensure the application handles errors gracefully without crashing. 

Example: Entering an incorrect password and checking whether an appropriate error message is displayed. 

23. What is Boundary Value Analysis (BVA)? 

Boundary Value Analysis is a black-box testing technique that focuses on testing values at the minimum, maximum, and just inside or outside the allowed input range. 

Since defects often occur at boundary limits, this technique helps identify edge-case issues. 

Example: If the allowed age range is 18–60, test values such as 17, 18, 19, 59, 60, and 61. 

24. What is Equivalence Partitioning? 

Equivalence Partitioning is a testing technique where input data is divided into valid and invalid groups (partitions). Instead of testing every possible value, one representative value from each partition is tested. 

This reduces the number of test cases while maintaining good test coverage. 

Example: For an age field accepting values from 18 to 60: 

• Valid partition: 18–60  

• Invalid partitions: Less than 18 and greater than 60  

25. What is Severity? 

Severity indicates how serious a defect is and how much it impacts the application’s functionality. 

A high-severity defect can cause major functionality to fail, while a low-severity defect may only affect appearance. 

Example: Application crash on login is a high-severity defect. 

26. What is Priority? 

Priority indicates how quickly a defect should be fixed based on business needs. 

A high-priority bug should be resolved immediately, even if its severity is low. 

Example: A spelling mistake on the home page may have low severity but high priority if it affects the company’s brand image. 

27. Difference Between Severity and Priority? 

Severity refers to the impact of a defect on the application, whereas priority refers to the urgency with which the defect should be fixed. 

Severity	Priority
Measures impact	Measures urgency
Decided by testers	Usually decided by business or project managers
Technical perspective	Business perspective

28. What is Defect Life Cycle? 

The Defect Life Cycle describes the various stages a bug goes through from the time it is reported until it is fixed and closed. 

Typical stages include: 

• New  

• Assigned  

• Open  

• Fixed  

• Retest  

• Reopened (if necessary)  

• Closed  

29. What are Defect Statuses? 

Common defect statuses include: 

• New: Bug has been reported.  

• Open: Bug is being analyzed.  

• Fixed: Developer has fixed the issue.  

• Retest: Tester verifies the fix.  

• Closed: Bug is resolved and verified.  

Additional statuses in some projects include Assigned, Rejected, Deferred, Duplicate, and Reopened. 

30. What is Re-testing? 

Re-testing is the process of testing a defect again after the developer has fixed it. 

The tester executes the same test case to confirm that the issue has been resolved. 

Unlike regression testing, re-testing focuses only on the specific defect that was fixed. 

31. What is UAT? 

User Acceptance Testing (UAT) is the final phase of testing performed by end users or business representatives. 

The purpose is to verify that the application meets business requirements and is ready for production use. 

32. What is Exploratory Testing? 

Exploratory Testing is an approach where testers explore the application without predefined test cases. 

They simultaneously learn the application, design tests, and execute them to discover unexpected defects. 

33. What is Ad-hoc Testing? 

Ad-hoc Testing is an informal testing technique performed without documentation or predefined test cases. 

Its objective is to quickly identify defects based on the tester’s knowledge and experience. 

34. What is Defect Leakage? 

Defect Leakage occurs when a defect is not identified during testing and is discovered by end users after the software has been released. 

It indicates that the defect escaped the testing process. 

35. What is Defect Density? 

Defect Density is a software quality metric that measures the number of defects found in a software module relative to its size. 

It helps assess the overall quality of the software. 

36. What is Alpha Testing? 

Alpha Testing is internal testing conducted by the organization’s testing or development team before releasing the software to external users. 

Its purpose is to identify major defects before beta testing begins. 

37. What is Beta Testing? 

Beta Testing is performed by real users in a real-world environment before the official product release. 

It helps gather user feedback and identify issues that may not have been found during internal testing. 

38. What is Usability Testing? 

Usability Testing evaluates how easy, intuitive, and user-friendly an application is for end users. 

It focuses on user experience, navigation, accessibility, and ease of use. 

39. What is Compatibility Testing? 

Compatibility Testing verifies that an application works correctly across different browsers, operating systems, devices, screen resolutions, and network environments. 

Examples include testing on Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Android, and iOS devices. 

40. Why is Manual Testing Important? 

Manual Testing is important because it helps testers understand application behavior, business requirements, and user workflows. It is essential for exploratory testing, usability testing, and scenarios where human observation and judgment are required. It also builds a strong foundation for learning automation testing. 

 Automation Testing Interview Questions (41–65) 

41. What are the Benefits of Automation Testing? 

Automation testing helps organizations execute test cases quickly and consistently by using automation tools and scripts. It is especially useful for repetitive testing activities and large applications where manual testing would take considerable time. 

Automation improves testing efficiency, reduces human errors, and supports continuous software delivery. 

Benefits of Automation Testing 

• Faster test execution.  

• Reusable automation scripts.  

• Improved accuracy with fewer human errors.  

• Saves time and effort.  

• Increases test coverage.  

• Supports regression testing.  

• Enables continuous testing in Agile and DevOps.  

• Provides faster feedback to developers.  

42. Which Test Cases Are Best for Automation? 

Not every test case should be automated. Automation is most effective for repetitive and stable test cases that need to be executed frequently. 

Test Cases Suitable for Automation 

• Regression test cases.  

• Smoke test cases.  

• Repetitive test cases.  

• Data-driven test cases.  

• Cross-browser testing.  

• Large-volume test execution.  

• Stable application features.  

These types of test cases provide the highest return on investment because they save significant testing time. 

43. Which Test Cases Should Not Be Automated? 

Certain types of testing require human judgment and are better performed manually. 

Test Cases That Should Not Be Automated 

• One-time test cases.  

• Usability testing.  

• Exploratory testing.  

• Ad-hoc testing.  

• Frequently changing features.  

• Visual verification.  

• User experience testing.  

Manual testing is more effective in these scenarios because it allows testers to observe application behavior from an end-user perspective. 

44. What is a Test Script? 

A Test Script is a program written in an automation language that performs test steps automatically. 

Instead of manually entering inputs and verifying results every time, a test script performs those actions automatically and compares the actual result with the expected result. 

A Test Script Can 

• Open the application.  

• Enter test data.  

• Click buttons.  

• Verify results.  

• Generate reports.  

45. What is an Automation Testing Tool? 

An Automation Testing Tool is software that helps testers automate test execution instead of performing tests manually. 

These tools execute test scripts, validate results, and generate reports automatically. 

Common Automation Testing Tools 

• Selenium  

• Playwright  

• Cypress  

• Appium  

• TestComplete  

• Katalon Studio  

46. Name a Popular Automation Tool. 

The most popular automation testing tool is Selenium. 

Selenium is widely used for automating web applications because it is free, open-source, and supports multiple programming languages and browsers. 

47. Is Selenium Free or Paid? 

Selenium is free and open-source. 

There are no licensing costs, which makes Selenium one of the most widely used automation tools in the software testing industry. 

Its large community also provides extensive documentation, tutorials, and support. 

48. Which Languages Does Selenium Support? 

Selenium supports multiple programming languages, allowing testers to use the language they are most comfortable with. 

Selenium Supports 

• Java  

• Python  

• C#  

• JavaScript  

• Ruby  

Among these, Java is the most commonly used language in automation testing projects. 

49. What is a Locator? 

A Locator is a technique used to identify and interact with elements on a web page during automation testing. 

Without locators, automation tools cannot find buttons, text boxes, links, or other UI elements. 

Locators Are Used To 

• Click buttons.  

• Enter text.  

• Read values.  

• Select dropdown options.  

• Verify UI elements.  

50. Name Some Locators. 

Common Selenium locators include: 

• ID  

• Name  

• Class Name  

• Tag Name  

• Link Text  

• Partial Link Text  

• XPath  

• CSS Selector  

Among these, ID is generally the fastest and most reliable locator when available. 

51. What is XPath? 

XPath (XML Path Language) is a locator strategy used to identify elements in an HTML or XML document. 

XPath is especially useful when elements do not have unique IDs or Names. 

XPath Can Be 

• Absolute XPath  

• Relative XPath  

Relative XPath is preferred because it is more flexible and less likely to break after UI changes. 

52. What is Regression Automation? 

Regression Automation is the process of automating regression test cases so they can be executed repeatedly after every code change. 

It ensures that existing functionality continues to work correctly after bug fixes or new feature development. 

Regression automation saves significant testing time in Agile projects where software changes frequently. 

53. What is an Automation Framework? 

An Automation Framework is a structured approach for organizing automation scripts, test data, reusable functions, reporting, and configuration files. 

A framework makes automation scripts easier to maintain, reuse, and scale. 

Benefits of Automation Frameworks 

• Better code organization.  

• Easy maintenance.  

• Code reusability.  

• Improved reporting.  

• Faster script development.  

• Reduced duplication.  

54. What is a Data-Driven Framework? 

A Data-Driven Framework separates test data from automation scripts. 

Instead of hardcoding input values, the test data is stored in external files such as: 

• Excel files  

• CSV files  

• JSON files  

• XML files  

• Databases  

The same automation script can then run multiple times using different sets of test data. 

55. What is Page Object Model (POM)? 

Page Object Model (POM) is a design pattern used in Selenium automation. 

It separates the web page elements from the test logic by creating separate classes for each page of the application. 

Advantages of POM 

• Better code readability.  

• Easy maintenance.  

• Reduced code duplication.  

• Improved reusability.  

• Easier updates when UI changes.  

POM is widely used in real-world Selenium automation frameworks. 

56. What is Assertion? 

An Assertion is a validation statement used to compare the expected result with the actual result during automation testing. 

If both values match, the test passes. Otherwise, the test fails. 

Example 

Expected Page Title: 
Dashboard 

Actual Page Title: 
Dashboard 

Result: 
Test Passed. 

Assertions help determine whether an automated test has executed successfully. 

57. What is a Synchronization Issue? 

A Synchronization Issue occurs when an automation script executes faster than the application. 

For example, if Selenium tries to click a button before it becomes visible, the script may fail even though the application is working correctly. 

Synchronization issues are one of the most common reasons for automation failures. 

58. What are Waits in Automation? 

Waits are commands that pause script execution until a specific condition is met. 

They help synchronize automation scripts with application behavior. 

Types of Waits 

• Implicit Wait  

• Explicit Wait  

• Fluent Wait  

Using appropriate waits improves script stability and reduces failures caused by timing issues. 

59. What is a Test Suite? 

A Test Suite is a collection of multiple test cases grouped together and executed as a single unit. 

Test suites help organize tests based on modules, features, or release cycles. 

Example 

A Login Test Suite may contain: 

• Valid Login  

• Invalid Login  

• Empty Username  

• Empty Password  

• Forgot Password  

60. What is a Test Execution Report? 

A Test Execution Report is a summary of all test execution results after testing is completed. 

It provides useful information about the testing progress and quality of the application. 

A Typical Report Includes 

• Total test cases executed.  

• Passed test cases.  

• Failed test cases.  

• Skipped test cases.  

• Execution time.  

• Defect summary.  

61. What is a Flaky Test? 

A Flaky Test is an automated test that produces inconsistent results without any actual changes to the application. 

For example, the same test may pass during one execution and fail during another. 

Common causes include: 

• Synchronization issues.  

• Unstable test environments.  

• Dynamic UI elements.  

• Network delays.  

• Poor test design.  

62. What is CI/CD? 

CI/CD stands for Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery (or Continuous Deployment). 

It is a software development practice where code changes are automatically built, tested, and deployed. 

Benefits of CI/CD 

• Faster software releases.  

• Automated testing.  

• Early bug detection.  

• Improved collaboration.  

• Reduced deployment errors.  

Automation testing is an essential part of modern CI/CD pipelines. 

63. What is Version Control? 

Version Control is a system used to manage changes made to source code and automation scripts over time. 

It allows multiple team members to work together while tracking every modification. 

Benefits of Version Control 

• Maintains code history.  

• Supports team collaboration.  

• Enables rollback to previous versions.  

• Prevents code conflicts.  

• Improves code management.  

Git is the most commonly used version control system. 

64. Why Do Automation Scripts Fail After a UI Change? 

Automation scripts often fail after UI changes because the locators used to identify web elements become invalid. 

For example, if a button’s ID, XPath, or CSS Selector changes, Selenium will no longer be able to locate that element. 

Other reasons include: 

• Changed HTML structure.  

• Dynamic element IDs.  

• Modified page layouts.  

• Synchronization issues.  

• Incorrect locator strategy.  

Updating the locators usually resolves the issue. 

65. Why Should Freshers Learn Automation? 

Learning automation testing provides freshers with better career opportunities because most software companies use automation alongside manual testing. 

Although manual testing builds strong fundamentals, automation skills significantly increase employability and salary potential. 

Benefits for Freshers 

• Better career growth.  

• Higher industry demand.  

• Increased job opportunities.  

• Faster testing skills.  

• Knowledge of modern Agile and DevOps practices.  

• Better chances of working on enterprise projects.  

Learning tools such as Selenium, along with basic programming in Java or Python, can help freshers build a successful career in software testing. 

Scenario-Based QA Questions for Beginners 

66. Login Button Is Not Working. What Will You Do? 

If the Login button is not working, the first step is to reproduce the issue consistently. After confirming the problem, compare the expected behavior with the actual behavior to determine whether it is a defect. 

Steps to Follow 

1. Reproduce the issue.  

2. Verify the expected behavior from the requirement document.  

3. Compare the expected result with the actual result.  

4. Check whether the issue occurs on different browsers or devices.  

5. Collect screenshots, logs, or error messages if available.  

6. Log a detailed bug in the defect tracking tool with all necessary information.  

67. The Application Crashes After Clicking the Submit Button. What Is the Severity? 

This is a High Severity defect because the application’s core functionality is interrupted, preventing users from completing their task. 

If many users are affected or the issue blocks important business processes, it may also be assigned High Priority for immediate resolution. 

68. There Is a Spelling Mistake on the Homepage. What Is the Priority? 

A spelling mistake generally has Low Priority because it does not affect the application’s functionality. 

However, if the typo appears on a company logo, promotional banner, legal notice, or other highly visible content, the business team may increase its priority even though the severity remains low. 

69. Manual Test Passes but Automation Test Fails. Why? 

If the manual test passes but the automation test fails, the problem is usually with the automation script rather than the application itself. 

Common reasons include: 

• Incorrect or outdated locators.  

• Synchronization or timing issues.  

• Dynamic web elements.  

• Browser compatibility issues.  

• Test data problems.  

• Changes in the application’s UI.  

The tester should review the automation logs, update the locators if necessary, and use appropriate wait mechanisms to stabilize the script. 

70. A Bug Is Fixed but Another Feature Stops Working. What Testing Should Be Performed? 

In this situation, Regression Testing should be performed. 

Regression testing ensures that recent bug fixes or code changes have not negatively impacted existing functionality. It verifies that previously working features continue to function correctly after modifications, making it one of the most important testing activities in every software release. 

Sample Test Cases for Freshers 

Login Page Test Cases 

A test case is a document that describes the steps required to verify a specific functionality of an application. It includes the test scenario, execution steps, expected result, and actual outcome. Writing clear test cases helps testers execute testing consistently and ensures complete coverage of application features. 

One of the most common examples used during software testing interviews is the login page because it covers different user input scenarios. 

Sample Login Page Test Cases 

Test Case ID	Scenario	Steps	Expected Result
TC01	Valid Login	Enter a valid username and password, then click the Login button.	User should log in successfully and be redirected to the dashboard.
TC02	Invalid Login	Enter a valid username and an incorrect password, then click Login.	An appropriate error message such as “Invalid Username or Password” should be displayed.
TC03	Empty Fields	Leave the username and password fields blank and click Login.	Validation messages should be displayed asking the user to enter the required information.

Additional Login Test Cases 

You can also create additional test cases for better test coverage, such as: 

• Verify login with an invalid username and valid password.  

• Verify login using special characters.  

• Verify login with SQL injection attempts.  

• Verify the Forgot Password functionality.  

• Verify the Remember Me option.  

• Verify password masking.  

• Verify the login button is disabled until mandatory fields are entered.  

• Verify session timeout after successful login.  

These examples demonstrate your understanding of positive testing, negative testing, and validation testing during interviews. 

Mobile Application Test Case 

Mobile application testing ensures that an app installs correctly, launches successfully, and performs as expected on supported devices. 

Scenario: App Installation 

The objective of this test case is to verify that the application can be installed and launched successfully without errors. 

Test Steps 

1. Download the application from the official app store or testing environment.  

2. Install the application on the mobile device.  

3. Verify that the installation completes successfully.  

4. Check whether the application icon appears on the device.  

5. Tap the application icon.  

6. Verify that the application launches successfully.  

Expected Results 

• The application should install successfully without any installation errors.  

• The application icon should appear on the device after installation.  

• The application should open successfully without crashing.  

• The home screen or login screen should load correctly.  

• The application should respond normally to user interactions.  

API/UI Simple Test Idea 

Modern applications usually consist of both a backend API and a frontend user interface. Testers often verify that the information returned by the API is displayed correctly on the UI. 

Scenario 

A user logs into an application and views profile information. 

API Validation 

Verify that: 

• The API returns a successful HTTP status code (200 OK).  

• The response contains the correct user information.  

• Required fields are present.  

• Response time is within the acceptable limit.  

• No unexpected error messages are returned.  

UI Validation 

Verify that: 

• The UI displays the correct data received from the API.  

• User details match the API response.  

• No missing or incorrect information is shown.  

• The application displays data without formatting issues.  

• The page loads successfully without errors.  

Testing both the API and UI helps ensure that backend services and frontend applications work correctly together. 

Bug Report Writing Example for Freshers 

A Bug Report is a document used to describe a defect found during testing. A well-written bug report helps developers understand the issue quickly, reproduce it, and fix it efficiently. 

A good bug report should be clear, complete, and include all the necessary information. 

Sample Bug Report 

Bug ID 

BUG_501 

Title 

Login Button Not Responding 

Module 

Login 

Steps to Reproduce 

1. Open the application.  

2. Navigate to the Login page.  

3. Enter valid username and password.  

4. Click the Login button.  

Expected Result 

The user should be logged in successfully and redirected to the dashboard. 

Actual Result 

Clicking the Login button produces no response, and the user remains on the login page. 

Severity 

High 

The defect prevents users from accessing the application. 

Priority 

High 

The issue should be fixed immediately because users cannot log in. 

Status 

New 

The defect has been identified and reported for developer analysis. 

Tips to Answer Confidently in Interviews 

Interviewers evaluate not only your technical knowledge but also your communication skills and confidence. Even if you are a fresher, explaining concepts clearly and confidently can leave a positive impression. 

Follow These Tips 

• Be strong in manual testing fundamentals before learning automation.  

• Explain automation concepts using simple language.  

• Use real-life examples whenever possible.  

• If you don’t know an answer, explain your thought process instead of guessing.  

• Do not panic if coding questions are asked. Freshers are usually expected to know only basic programming concepts.  

• Practice manual and automation testing interview questions regularly.  

• Revise important testing concepts before attending interviews.  

• Maintain confidence and communicate your answers clearly.  

Good communication combined with strong testing fundamentals significantly improves your interview performance. 

Quick Revision Sheet (Last-Minute Preparation) 

Before attending an interview, revise these important concepts: 

Concept	Quick Revision
Software Testing	Process of checking software quality and correctness.
Manual Testing	Testing performed without automation tools.
Automation Testing	Testing performed using automation tools and scripts.
Best Candidates for Automation	Regression, smoke, and repetitive test cases.
Test Case	A detailed document containing test steps, test data, and expected results.
Bug	Difference between expected and actual behavior.
Severity	Measures the impact of a defect on the application.
Priority	Indicates how urgently a defect should be fixed.

Reviewing these concepts just before the interview helps refresh your knowledge and improves your confidence. 

FAQs – Manual and Automation Testing Interview Questions for Freshers 

Q1. Is Manual Testing Mandatory Before Automation? 

Yes. Manual testing is highly recommended before learning automation testing because it helps you understand software behavior, testing concepts, business requirements, and defect identification. A strong foundation in manual testing makes learning automation tools much easier. 

Q2. Can Freshers Learn Both Manual and Automation Testing? 

Yes. Freshers can learn both manual and automation testing simultaneously. Starting with manual testing concepts and gradually learning automation tools such as Selenium, along with basic programming in Java or Python, significantly improves job opportunities and career growth. 

Q3. Do Freshers Need Coding Skills for Automation? 

Freshers do not need advanced programming skills to begin automation testing. Basic knowledge of programming concepts such as variables, loops, conditions, methods, and object-oriented programming is usually sufficient to start learning automation tools like Selenium. 

As experience grows, programming skills can be improved further to build advanced automation frameworks. 

Q4. Which Testing Role Is Best for Freshers? 

For most fresh graduates, the ideal career path is to begin with Manual Testing because it helps develop a strong understanding of testing principles, software development processes, and defect reporting. 

After gaining confidence in manual testing, freshers can move into Automation Testing by learning Selenium, Java or Python, TestNG, API testing, CI/CD concepts, and automation frameworks. Having knowledge of both manual and automation testing makes candidates more competitive in the software testing industry and opens up better career opportunities. Manual and Automation Testing Interview Questions for Freshers – 

Manual and Automation Testing Interview Questions for Freshers 

Leave a Comment / Uncategorized / By Srushti Patil 

Introduction: Growing Fresher Hiring Demand in Software Testing 

Software testing is one of the most accessible and in-demand entry-level IT careers. As companies release software faster using Agile and DevOps, they need testers who understand both manual and automation basics. 

Why Companies Hire Freshers for Testing Roles 

Companies actively hire freshers for software testing because they can be trained quickly and become valuable members of software development teams. A strong understanding of testing fundamentals helps organizations maintain software quality while supporting faster release cycles. 

The major reasons companies recruit freshers for testing roles include: 

• Manual testing builds strong fundamentals.  

• Automation testing supports speed and repeatability.  

• Freshers can be trained quickly on real projects.  

• Testing skills are needed across web, mobile, API, and cloud applications.  

What Interviewers Look for in Freshers 

Because of this growing demand, interviews often include manual and automation testing interview questions for freshers to evaluate important skills such as: 

• Basic testing knowledge.  

• Logical thinking and problem-solving ability.  

• Willingness to learn automation testing.  

This article is written step by step, in simple language, specifically for fresh graduates and beginners. It explains the core concepts of software testing before moving on to commonly asked interview questions and practical examples. 

What Is Software Testing? (Simple Explanation) 

Software Testing is the process of checking whether a software application works correctly and as expected. It helps verify that every feature functions according to business requirements and provides a smooth user experience. 

Instead of assuming software works correctly, testers validate each feature by executing different scenarios and comparing the actual results with the expected results. 

Simple Example 

Consider a login page. 

The testing process involves the following steps: 

• User enters a username and password.  

• User clicks the Login button.  

• If the credentials are correct, the login should be successful.  

• If the credentials are incorrect, an appropriate error message should be displayed.  

What Does Testing Check? 

While testing the login functionality, a tester verifies several things, including: 

• Is the login functionality working correctly?  

• Are the displayed error messages accurate?  

• Does the application crash during any scenario?  

• Is the application behaving as expected for valid and invalid inputs?  

Main Goals of Software Testing 

The primary objectives of software testing are: 

• Find bugs early.  

• Improve software quality.  

• Ensure a good user experience.  

Finding defects before software reaches customers reduces maintenance costs, improves customer satisfaction, and helps deliver reliable applications. 

What Is Manual Testing? 

Manual Testing means testing software by hand, without using automation tools. In this approach, testers interact with the application like real users and verify whether every feature behaves according to the expected requirements. 

Manual testing plays an important role because it helps testers understand application workflows, business requirements, and user behavior before moving into automation testing. 

What Does a Manual Tester Do? 

A manual tester performs several activities while testing an application, including: 

• Clicking buttons.  

• Entering different input values.  

• Observing the application’s behavior.  

• Comparing actual results with expected results.  

• Reporting bugs found during testing.  

Example of Manual Testing 

A simple example of manual testing is: 

• Enter an incorrect password.  

• Click the Login button.  

• Verify that the correct error message is displayed.  

This entire process is performed manually without writing any automation scripts. 

Why Is Manual Testing Important? 

Manual testing remains an essential part of software quality assurance because it helps testers: 

• Understand application functionality.  

• Improve analytical and logical thinking.  

• Identify usability issues.  

• Learn business requirements.  

• Build a strong foundation for automation testing.  

Manual testing is the foundation for automation testing. 

What Is Automation Testing? (For Freshers) 

Automation Testing uses tools and scripts to test software automatically instead of performing the same test cases manually every time. 

Automation is mainly used for repetitive testing activities where executing the same test repeatedly by hand becomes time-consuming. 

Simple Explanation 

Instead of repeating the same test manually: 

• Write a script once.  

• Execute it multiple times whenever required.  

This saves time and improves testing efficiency, especially during regression testing. 

Example 

Manual Testing 

• Enter username and password every time.  

• Click the Login button manually.  

• Verify the result manually.  

Automation Testing 

• The automation script enters the username.  

• The script enters the password.  

• The script clicks the Login button.  

• The script automatically verifies whether the login is successful.  

Why Companies Use Automation Testing 

Organizations adopt automation testing because it provides several benefits, including: 

• Faster test execution.  

• Reduced repetitive manual work.  

• Improved accuracy.  

• Better test coverage.  

• Reusable test scripts.  

• Support for Agile and DevOps development.  

• Faster software releases.  

What Freshers Should Know 

Freshers are not expected to be expert automation engineers. Instead, interviewers generally expect candidates to understand the basic concepts of automation testing, including: 

• What automation testing is.  

• Why automation testing is needed.  

• How automation differs from manual testing.  

• Basic knowledge of popular automation tools such as Selenium.  

• Willingness to learn scripting and automation frameworks.  

Understanding these fundamentals is usually enough to answer basic automation testing interview questions for freshers and demonstrate readiness to learn on real projects. 

Manual and Automation Testing Interview Questions for Freshers 

 Basic Testing Questions (1–20) 

1. What is Software Testing? 

Software Testing is the process of checking whether a software application works correctly according to the specified requirements. It involves executing the application, identifying defects, and verifying that every feature behaves as expected. 

The main objective of software testing is to ensure that the software is reliable, secure, user-friendly, and free from critical defects before it is released to customers. 

Example: 
If a login page should allow only registered users to log in, testing verifies that valid users can log in successfully while invalid users receive an appropriate error message. 

2. Why is Testing Important? 

Testing is important because it helps identify bugs before the software reaches end users. Finding defects early reduces development costs, improves software quality, and increases customer satisfaction. 

Without proper testing, software may crash, produce incorrect results, expose security vulnerabilities, or provide a poor user experience. 

Benefits of Testing 

• Finds defects before release.  

• Improves software quality.  

• Reduces maintenance costs.  

• Ensures customer satisfaction.  

• Verifies business requirements.  

• Builds confidence in the product.  

3. What is a Bug? 

A bug, also called a defect or issue, is an error in the software that causes the application to behave differently from the expected result. 

Bugs can occur because of coding mistakes, incorrect requirements, design flaws, or integration issues. 

Example: 

Expected Result: 
Clicking the Login button should open the dashboard. 

Actual Result: 
The application crashes after clicking Login. 

This difference is considered a bug. 

4. What is Manual Testing? 

Manual Testing is the process of testing software without using automation tools. Testers manually execute test cases, interact with the application, compare expected and actual results, and report any defects they find. 

Manual testing is essential because it helps testers understand business requirements, application workflows, and user experience. 

Activities Performed in Manual Testing 

• Executing test cases.  

• Entering different input values.  

• Clicking buttons and navigating screens.  

• Verifying outputs.  

• Reporting defects.  

5. What is Automation Testing? 

Automation Testing is the process of testing software using automation tools and scripts instead of manually executing test cases every time. 

Automation is mainly used for repetitive, regression, and large-scale testing where manual execution would take more time. 

Benefits 

• Faster execution.  

• Reusable scripts.  

• Higher accuracy.  

• Saves time.  

• Supports continuous testing.  

6. Can Automation Replace Manual Testing? 

No. Automation testing cannot completely replace manual testing. 

Automation is excellent for repetitive and regression testing, while manual testing is still necessary for exploratory testing, usability testing, ad-hoc testing, and evaluating the overall user experience. 

Both manual and automation testing complement each other. 

7. What is a Test Case? 

A Test Case is a detailed document containing the steps, test data, expected result, and actual result used to verify a specific functionality. 

A good test case ensures that a feature works correctly under different conditions. 

A Test Case Usually Includes 

• Test Case ID  

• Scenario  

• Preconditions  

• Test Steps  

• Test Data  

• Expected Result  

• Actual Result  

• Status  

8. What is a Test Scenario? 

A Test Scenario is a high-level description of what needs to be tested. It focuses on the functionality without describing every individual step. 

Example: 

Test Scenario: 
Verify Login Functionality. 

Under this scenario, multiple detailed test cases can be created for valid login, invalid login, empty fields, and password validation. 

9. Difference Between Test Case and Test Scenario? 

A Test Scenario is a high-level testing objective, whereas a Test Case contains detailed testing steps. 

Test Scenario	Test Case
High-level idea	Detailed document
Covers functionality	Covers step-by-step validation
Less detailed	Highly detailed
Easier to write	More time-consuming

10. What is Verification? 

Verification is the process of checking documents, requirements, designs, and specifications without executing the application. 

It answers the question: 

“Are we building the product correctly?” 

Verification includes: 

• Requirement reviews  

• Design reviews  

• Code reviews  

• Walkthroughs  

• Inspections  

11. What is Validation? 

Validation is the process of executing the software to verify that it satisfies user requirements. 

It answers the question: 

“Are we building the right product?” 

Validation includes different types of testing performed on the actual application. 

12. What is SDLC? 

SDLC stands for Software Development Life Cycle. 

It is a structured process followed to develop software from initial planning to maintenance. 

SDLC Phases 

• Requirement Gathering  

• Analysis  

• Design  

• Development  

• Testing  

• Deployment  

• Maintenance  

13. What is STLC? 

STLC stands for Software Testing Life Cycle. 

It describes all testing activities performed during software development. 

STLC Phases 

• Requirement Analysis  

• Test Planning  

• Test Case Development  

• Environment Setup  

• Test Execution  

• Defect Reporting  

• Test Closure  

14. What is Black Box Testing? 

Black Box Testing is a testing technique in which testers verify application functionality without knowing the internal source code. 

The tester focuses only on inputs and outputs. 

Example 

Entering valid login credentials and checking whether login succeeds. 

15. What is Functional Testing? 

Functional Testing verifies that every feature works according to business requirements. 

It checks what the application does rather than how it is built. 

Examples include: 

• Login Testing  

• Registration Testing  

• Payment Testing  

• Search Functionality Testing  

16. What is Non-Functional Testing? 

Non-Functional Testing evaluates aspects other than functionality. 

It checks how well the system performs. 

Examples include: 

• Performance Testing  

• Load Testing  

• Security Testing  

• Compatibility Testing  

• Usability Testing  

17. What is Smoke Testing? 

Smoke Testing is a basic level of testing performed after receiving a new software build. 

Its purpose is to verify that critical functionalities work properly before detailed testing begins. 

Examples include: 

• Login works.  

• Dashboard opens.  

• Application launches successfully.  

18. What is Sanity Testing? 

Sanity Testing is a quick round of testing performed after minor code changes or bug fixes. 

Its purpose is to verify that the modified functionality works correctly without performing complete regression testing. 

19. What is Regression Testing? 

Regression Testing verifies that existing functionalities continue to work correctly after new changes, bug fixes, or enhancements. 

It ensures that recent modifications have not introduced new defects into previously working features. 

Regression testing is one of the most common areas where automation testing is used. 

20. What is a Build? 

A Build is a compiled version of the software provided by developers for testing. 

Each build contains new features, enhancements, or bug fixes that testers need to verify before release. 

Manual Testing Interview Questions (21–40) 

21. What is Positive Testing? 

Positive Testing verifies that the application works correctly when users provide valid inputs. 

It ensures that expected functionality behaves correctly under normal conditions. 

Example: Logging in with a valid username and password. 

22. What is Negative Testing? 

Negative Testing verifies how the application behaves when users provide invalid, unexpected, or incorrect inputs. 

The objective is to ensure the application handles errors gracefully without crashing. 

Example: Entering an incorrect password and checking whether an appropriate error message is displayed. 

23. What is Boundary Value Analysis (BVA)? 

Boundary Value Analysis is a black-box testing technique that focuses on testing values at the minimum, maximum, and just inside or outside the allowed input range. 

Since defects often occur at boundary limits, this technique helps identify edge-case issues. 

Example: If the allowed age range is 18–60, test values such as 17, 18, 19, 59, 60, and 61. 

24. What is Equivalence Partitioning? 

Equivalence Partitioning is a testing technique where input data is divided into valid and invalid groups (partitions). Instead of testing every possible value, one representative value from each partition is tested. 

This reduces the number of test cases while maintaining good test coverage. 

Example: For an age field accepting values from 18 to 60: 

• Valid partition: 18–60  

• Invalid partitions: Less than 18 and greater than 60  

25. What is Severity? 

Severity indicates how serious a defect is and how much it impacts the application’s functionality. 

A high-severity defect can cause major functionality to fail, while a low-severity defect may only affect appearance. 

Example: Application crash on login is a high-severity defect. 

26. What is Priority? 

Priority indicates how quickly a defect should be fixed based on business needs. 

A high-priority bug should be resolved immediately, even if its severity is low. 

Example: A spelling mistake on the home page may have low severity but high priority if it affects the company’s brand image. 

27. Difference Between Severity and Priority? 

Severity refers to the impact of a defect on the application, whereas priority refers to the urgency with which the defect should be fixed. 

Severity	Priority
Measures impact	Measures urgency
Decided by testers	Usually decided by business or project managers
Technical perspective	Business perspective

28. What is Defect Life Cycle? 

The Defect Life Cycle describes the various stages a bug goes through from the time it is reported until it is fixed and closed. 

Typical stages include: 

• New  

• Assigned  

• Open  

• Fixed  

• Retest  

• Reopened (if necessary)  

• Closed  

29. What are Defect Statuses? 

Common defect statuses include: 

• New: Bug has been reported.  

• Open: Bug is being analyzed.  

• Fixed: Developer has fixed the issue.  

• Retest: Tester verifies the fix.  

• Closed: Bug is resolved and verified.  

Additional statuses in some projects include Assigned, Rejected, Deferred, Duplicate, and Reopened. 

30. What is Re-testing? 

Re-testing is the process of testing a defect again after the developer has fixed it. 

The tester executes the same test case to confirm that the issue has been resolved. 

Unlike regression testing, re-testing focuses only on the specific defect that was fixed. 

31. What is UAT? 

User Acceptance Testing (UAT) is the final phase of testing performed by end users or business representatives. 

The purpose is to verify that the application meets business requirements and is ready for production use. 

32. What is Exploratory Testing? 

Exploratory Testing is an approach where testers explore the application without predefined test cases. 

They simultaneously learn the application, design tests, and execute them to discover unexpected defects. 

33. What is Ad-hoc Testing? 

Ad-hoc Testing is an informal testing technique performed without documentation or predefined test cases. 

Its objective is to quickly identify defects based on the tester’s knowledge and experience. 

34. What is Defect Leakage? 

Defect Leakage occurs when a defect is not identified during testing and is discovered by end users after the software has been released. 

It indicates that the defect escaped the testing process. 

35. What is Defect Density? 

Defect Density is a software quality metric that measures the number of defects found in a software module relative to its size. 

It helps assess the overall quality of the software. 

36. What is Alpha Testing? 

Alpha Testing is internal testing conducted by the organization’s testing or development team before releasing the software to external users. 

Its purpose is to identify major defects before beta testing begins. 

37. What is Beta Testing? 

Beta Testing is performed by real users in a real-world environment before the official product release. 

It helps gather user feedback and identify issues that may not have been found during internal testing. 

38. What is Usability Testing? 

Usability Testing evaluates how easy, intuitive, and user-friendly an application is for end users. 

It focuses on user experience, navigation, accessibility, and ease of use. 

39. What is Compatibility Testing? 

Compatibility Testing verifies that an application works correctly across different browsers, operating systems, devices, screen resolutions, and network environments. 

Examples include testing on Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Android, and iOS devices. 

40. Why is Manual Testing Important? 

Manual Testing is important because it helps testers understand application behavior, business requirements, and user workflows. It is essential for exploratory testing, usability testing, and scenarios where human observation and judgment are required. It also builds a strong foundation for learning automation testing. 

 Automation Testing Interview Questions (41–65) 

41. What are the Benefits of Automation Testing? 

Automation testing helps organizations execute test cases quickly and consistently by using automation tools and scripts. It is especially useful for repetitive testing activities and large applications where manual testing would take considerable time. 

Automation improves testing efficiency, reduces human errors, and supports continuous software delivery. 

Benefits of Automation Testing 

• Faster test execution.  

• Reusable automation scripts.  

• Improved accuracy with fewer human errors.  

• Saves time and effort.  

• Increases test coverage.  

• Supports regression testing.  

• Enables continuous testing in Agile and DevOps.  

• Provides faster feedback to developers.  

42. Which Test Cases Are Best for Automation? 

Not every test case should be automated. Automation is most effective for repetitive and stable test cases that need to be executed frequently. 

Test Cases Suitable for Automation 

• Regression test cases.  

• Smoke test cases.  

• Repetitive test cases.  

• Data-driven test cases.  

• Cross-browser testing.  

• Large-volume test execution.  

• Stable application features.  

These types of test cases provide the highest return on investment because they save significant testing time. 

43. Which Test Cases Should Not Be Automated? 

Certain types of testing require human judgment and are better performed manually. 

Test Cases That Should Not Be Automated 

• One-time test cases.  

• Usability testing.  

• Exploratory testing.  

• Ad-hoc testing.  

• Frequently changing features.  

• Visual verification.  

• User experience testing.  

Manual testing is more effective in these scenarios because it allows testers to observe application behavior from an end-user perspective. 

44. What is a Test Script? 

A Test Script is a program written in an automation language that performs test steps automatically. 

Instead of manually entering inputs and verifying results every time, a test script performs those actions automatically and compares the actual result with the expected result. 

A Test Script Can 

• Open the application.  

• Enter test data.  

• Click buttons.  

• Verify results.  

• Generate reports.  

45. What is an Automation Testing Tool? 

An Automation Testing Tool is software that helps testers automate test execution instead of performing tests manually. 

These tools execute test scripts, validate results, and generate reports automatically. 

Common Automation Testing Tools 

• Selenium  

• Playwright  

• Cypress  

• Appium  

• TestComplete  

• Katalon Studio  

46. Name a Popular Automation Tool. 

The most popular automation testing tool is Selenium. 

Selenium is widely used for automating web applications because it is free, open-source, and supports multiple programming languages and browsers. 

47. Is Selenium Free or Paid? 

Selenium is free and open-source. 

There are no licensing costs, which makes Selenium one of the most widely used automation tools in the software testing industry. 

Its large community also provides extensive documentation, tutorials, and support. 

48. Which Languages Does Selenium Support? 

Selenium supports multiple programming languages, allowing testers to use the language they are most comfortable with. 

Selenium Supports 

• Java  

• Python  

• C#  

• JavaScript  

• Ruby  

Among these, Java is the most commonly used language in automation testing projects. 

49. What is a Locator? 

A Locator is a technique used to identify and interact with elements on a web page during automation testing. 

Without locators, automation tools cannot find buttons, text boxes, links, or other UI elements. 

Locators Are Used To 

• Click buttons.  

• Enter text.  

• Read values.  

• Select dropdown options.  

• Verify UI elements.  

50. Name Some Locators. 

Common Selenium locators include: 

• ID  

• Name  

• Class Name  

• Tag Name  

• Link Text  

• Partial Link Text  

• XPath  

• CSS Selector  

Among these, ID is generally the fastest and most reliable locator when available. 

51. What is XPath? 

XPath (XML Path Language) is a locator strategy used to identify elements in an HTML or XML document. 

XPath is especially useful when elements do not have unique IDs or Names. 

XPath Can Be 

• Absolute XPath  

• Relative XPath  

Relative XPath is preferred because it is more flexible and less likely to break after UI changes. 

52. What is Regression Automation? 

Regression Automation is the process of automating regression test cases so they can be executed repeatedly after every code change. 

It ensures that existing functionality continues to work correctly after bug fixes or new feature development. 

Regression automation saves significant testing time in Agile projects where software changes frequently. 

53. What is an Automation Framework? 

An Automation Framework is a structured approach for organizing automation scripts, test data, reusable functions, reporting, and configuration files. 

A framework makes automation scripts easier to maintain, reuse, and scale. 

Benefits of Automation Frameworks 

• Better code organization.  

• Easy maintenance.  

• Code reusability.  

• Improved reporting.  

• Faster script development.  

• Reduced duplication.  

54. What is a Data-Driven Framework? 

A Data-Driven Framework separates test data from automation scripts. 

Instead of hardcoding input values, the test data is stored in external files such as: 

• Excel files  

• CSV files  

• JSON files  

• XML files  

• Databases  

The same automation script can then run multiple times using different sets of test data. 

55. What is Page Object Model (POM)? 

Page Object Model (POM) is a design pattern used in Selenium automation. 

It separates the web page elements from the test logic by creating separate classes for each page of the application. 

Advantages of POM 

• Better code readability.  

• Easy maintenance.  

• Reduced code duplication.  

• Improved reusability.  

• Easier updates when UI changes.  

POM is widely used in real-world Selenium automation frameworks. 

56. What is Assertion? 

An Assertion is a validation statement used to compare the expected result with the actual result during automation testing. 

If both values match, the test passes. Otherwise, the test fails. 

Example 

Expected Page Title: 
Dashboard 

Actual Page Title: 
Dashboard 

Result: 
Test Passed. 

Assertions help determine whether an automated test has executed successfully. 

57. What is a Synchronization Issue? 

A Synchronization Issue occurs when an automation script executes faster than the application. 

For example, if Selenium tries to click a button before it becomes visible, the script may fail even though the application is working correctly. 

Synchronization issues are one of the most common reasons for automation failures. 

58. What are Waits in Automation? 

Waits are commands that pause script execution until a specific condition is met. 

They help synchronize automation scripts with application behavior. 

Types of Waits 

• Implicit Wait  

• Explicit Wait  

• Fluent Wait  

Using appropriate waits improves script stability and reduces failures caused by timing issues. 

59. What is a Test Suite? 

A Test Suite is a collection of multiple test cases grouped together and executed as a single unit. 

Test suites help organize tests based on modules, features, or release cycles. 

Example 

A Login Test Suite may contain: 

• Valid Login  

• Invalid Login  

• Empty Username  

• Empty Password  

• Forgot Password  

60. What is a Test Execution Report? 

A Test Execution Report is a summary of all test execution results after testing is completed. 

It provides useful information about the testing progress and quality of the application. 

A Typical Report Includes 

• Total test cases executed.  

• Passed test cases.  

• Failed test cases.  

• Skipped test cases.  

• Execution time.  

• Defect summary.  

61. What is a Flaky Test? 

A Flaky Test is an automated test that produces inconsistent results without any actual changes to the application. 

For example, the same test may pass during one execution and fail during another. 

Common causes include: 

• Synchronization issues.  

• Unstable test environments.  

• Dynamic UI elements.  

• Network delays.  

• Poor test design.  

62. What is CI/CD? 

CI/CD stands for Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery (or Continuous Deployment). 

It is a software development practice where code changes are automatically built, tested, and deployed. 

Benefits of CI/CD 

• Faster software releases.  

• Automated testing.  

• Early bug detection.  

• Improved collaboration.  

• Reduced deployment errors.  

Automation testing is an essential part of modern CI/CD pipelines. 

63. What is Version Control? 

Version Control is a system used to manage changes made to source code and automation scripts over time. 

It allows multiple team members to work together while tracking every modification. 

Benefits of Version Control 

• Maintains code history.  

• Supports team collaboration.  

• Enables rollback to previous versions.  

• Prevents code conflicts.  

• Improves code management.  

Git is the most commonly used version control system. 

64. Why Do Automation Scripts Fail After a UI Change? 

Automation scripts often fail after UI changes because the locators used to identify web elements become invalid. 

For example, if a button’s ID, XPath, or CSS Selector changes, Selenium will no longer be able to locate that element. 

Other reasons include: 

• Changed HTML structure.  

• Dynamic element IDs.  

• Modified page layouts.  

• Synchronization issues.  

• Incorrect locator strategy.  

Updating the locators usually resolves the issue. 

65. Why Should Freshers Learn Automation? 

Learning automation testing provides freshers with better career opportunities because most software companies use automation alongside manual testing. 

Although manual testing builds strong fundamentals, automation skills significantly increase employability and salary potential. 

Benefits for Freshers 

• Better career growth.  

• Higher industry demand.  

• Increased job opportunities.  

• Faster testing skills.  

• Knowledge of modern Agile and DevOps practices.  

• Better chances of working on enterprise projects.  

Learning tools such as Selenium, along with basic programming in Java or Python, can help freshers build a successful career in software testing. 

Scenario-Based QA Questions for Beginners 

66. Login Button Is Not Working. What Will You Do? 

If the Login button is not working, the first step is to reproduce the issue consistently. After confirming the problem, compare the expected behavior with the actual behavior to determine whether it is a defect. 

Steps to Follow 

1. Reproduce the issue.  

2. Verify the expected behavior from the requirement document.  

3. Compare the expected result with the actual result.  

4. Check whether the issue occurs on different browsers or devices.  

5. Collect screenshots, logs, or error messages if available.  

6. Log a detailed bug in the defect tracking tool with all necessary information.  

67. The Application Crashes After Clicking the Submit Button. What Is the Severity? 

This is a High Severity defect because the application’s core functionality is interrupted, preventing users from completing their task. 

If many users are affected or the issue blocks important business processes, it may also be assigned High Priority for immediate resolution. 

68. There Is a Spelling Mistake on the Homepage. What Is the Priority? 

A spelling mistake generally has Low Priority because it does not affect the application’s functionality. 

However, if the typo appears on a company logo, promotional banner, legal notice, or other highly visible content, the business team may increase its priority even though the severity remains low. 

69. Manual Test Passes but Automation Test Fails. Why? 

If the manual test passes but the automation test fails, the problem is usually with the automation script rather than the application itself. 

Common reasons include: 

• Incorrect or outdated locators.  

• Synchronization or timing issues.  

• Dynamic web elements.  

• Browser compatibility issues.  

• Test data problems.  

• Changes in the application’s UI.  

The tester should review the automation logs, update the locators if necessary, and use appropriate wait mechanisms to stabilize the script. 

70. A Bug Is Fixed but Another Feature Stops Working. What Testing Should Be Performed? 

In this situation, Regression Testing should be performed. 

Regression testing ensures that recent bug fixes or code changes have not negatively impacted existing functionality. It verifies that previously working features continue to function correctly after modifications, making it one of the most important testing activities in every software release. 

Sample Test Cases for Freshers 

Login Page Test Cases 

A test case is a document that describes the steps required to verify a specific functionality of an application. It includes the test scenario, execution steps, expected result, and actual outcome. Writing clear test cases helps testers execute testing consistently and ensures complete coverage of application features. 

One of the most common examples used during software testing interviews is the login page because it covers different user input scenarios. 

Sample Login Page Test Cases 

Test Case ID	Scenario	Steps	Expected Result
TC01	Valid Login	Enter a valid username and password, then click the Login button.	User should log in successfully and be redirected to the dashboard.
TC02	Invalid Login	Enter a valid username and an incorrect password, then click Login.	An appropriate error message such as “Invalid Username or Password” should be displayed.
TC03	Empty Fields	Leave the username and password fields blank and click Login.	Validation messages should be displayed asking the user to enter the required information.

Additional Login Test Cases 

You can also create additional test cases for better test coverage, such as: 

• Verify login with an invalid username and valid password.  

• Verify login using special characters.  

• Verify login with SQL injection attempts.  

• Verify the Forgot Password functionality.  

• Verify the Remember Me option.  

• Verify password masking.  

• Verify the login button is disabled until mandatory fields are entered.  

• Verify session timeout after successful login.  

These examples demonstrate your understanding of positive testing, negative testing, and validation testing during interviews. 

Mobile Application Test Case 

Mobile application testing ensures that an app installs correctly, launches successfully, and performs as expected on supported devices. 

Scenario: App Installation 

The objective of this test case is to verify that the application can be installed and launched successfully without errors. 

Test Steps 

1. Download the application from the official app store or testing environment.  

2. Install the application on the mobile device.  

3. Verify that the installation completes successfully.  

4. Check whether the application icon appears on the device.  

5. Tap the application icon.  

6. Verify that the application launches successfully.  

Expected Results 

• The application should install successfully without any installation errors.  

• The application icon should appear on the device after installation.  

• The application should open successfully without crashing.  

• The home screen or login screen should load correctly.  

• The application should respond normally to user interactions.  

API/UI Simple Test Idea 

Modern applications usually consist of both a backend API and a frontend user interface. Testers often verify that the information returned by the API is displayed correctly on the UI. 

Scenario 

A user logs into an application and views profile information. 

API Validation 

Verify that: 

• The API returns a successful HTTP status code (200 OK).  

• The response contains the correct user information.  

• Required fields are present.  

• Response time is within the acceptable limit.  

• No unexpected error messages are returned.  

UI Validation 

Verify that: 

• The UI displays the correct data received from the API.  

• User details match the API response.  

• No missing or incorrect information is shown.  

• The application displays data without formatting issues.  

• The page loads successfully without errors.  

Testing both the API and UI helps ensure that backend services and frontend applications work correctly together. 

Bug Report Writing Example for Freshers 

A Bug Report is a document used to describe a defect found during testing. A well-written bug report helps developers understand the issue quickly, reproduce it, and fix it efficiently. 

A good bug report should be clear, complete, and include all the necessary information. 

Sample Bug Report 

Bug ID 

BUG_501 

Title 

Login Button Not Responding 

Module 

Login 

Steps to Reproduce 

1. Open the application.  

2. Navigate to the Login page.  

3. Enter valid username and password.  

4. Click the Login button.  

Expected Result 

The user should be logged in successfully and redirected to the dashboard. 

Actual Result 

Clicking the Login button produces no response, and the user remains on the login page. 

Severity 

High 

The defect prevents users from accessing the application. 

Priority 

High 

The issue should be fixed immediately because users cannot log in. 

Status 

New 

The defect has been identified and reported for developer analysis. 

Tips to Answer Confidently in Interviews 

Interviewers evaluate not only your technical knowledge but also your communication skills and confidence. Even if you are a fresher, explaining concepts clearly and confidently can leave a positive impression. 

Follow These Tips 

• Be strong in manual testing fundamentals before learning automation.  

• Explain automation concepts using simple language.  

• Use real-life examples whenever possible.  

• If you don’t know an answer, explain your thought process instead of guessing.  

• Do not panic if coding questions are asked. Freshers are usually expected to know only basic programming concepts.  

• Practice manual and automation testing interview questions regularly.  

• Revise important testing concepts before attending interviews.  

• Maintain confidence and communicate your answers clearly.  

Good communication combined with strong testing fundamentals significantly improves your interview performance. 

Quick Revision Sheet (Last-Minute Preparation) 

Before attending an interview, revise these important concepts: 

Concept	Quick Revision
Software Testing	Process of checking software quality and correctness.
Manual Testing	Testing performed without automation tools.
Automation Testing	Testing performed using automation tools and scripts.
Best Candidates for Automation	Regression, smoke, and repetitive test cases.
Test Case	A detailed document containing test steps, test data, and expected results.
Bug	Difference between expected and actual behavior.
Severity	Measures the impact of a defect on the application.
Priority	Indicates how urgently a defect should be fixed.

Reviewing these concepts just before the interview helps refresh your knowledge and improves your confidence. 

FAQs – Manual and Automation Testing Interview Questions for Freshers 

Q1. Is Manual Testing Mandatory Before Automation? 

Yes. Manual testing is highly recommended before learning automation testing because it helps you understand software behavior, testing concepts, business requirements, and defect identification. A strong foundation in manual testing makes learning automation tools much easier. 

Q2. Can Freshers Learn Both Manual and Automation Testing? 

Yes. Freshers can learn both manual and automation testing simultaneously. Starting with manual testing concepts and gradually learning automation tools such as Selenium, along with basic programming in Java or Python, significantly improves job opportunities and career growth. 

Q3. Do Freshers Need Coding Skills for Automation? 

Freshers do not need advanced programming skills to begin automation testing. Basic knowledge of programming concepts such as variables, loops, conditions, methods, and object-oriented programming is usually sufficient to start learning automation tools like Selenium. 

As experience grows, programming skills can be improved further to build advanced automation frameworks. 

Q4. Which Testing Role Is Best for Freshers? 

For most fresh graduates, the ideal career path is to begin with Manual Testing because it helps develop a strong understanding of testing principles, software development processes, and defect reporting. 

After gaining confidence in manual testing, freshers can move into Automation Testing by learning Selenium, Java or Python, TestNG, API testing, CI/CD concepts, and automation frameworks. Having knowledge of both manual and automation testing makes candidates more competitive in the software testing industry and opens up better career opportunities. Manual and Automation Testing Interview Questions for Freshers – 

Manual and Automation Testing Interview Questions for Freshers 

Leave a Comment / Uncategorized / By Srushti Patil 

Introduction: Growing Fresher Hiring Demand in Software Testing 

Software testing is one of the most accessible and in-demand entry-level IT careers. As companies release software faster using Agile and DevOps, they need testers who understand both manual and automation basics. 

Why Companies Hire Freshers for Testing Roles 

Companies actively hire freshers for software testing because they can be trained quickly and become valuable members of software development teams. A strong understanding of testing fundamentals helps organizations maintain software quality while supporting faster release cycles. 

The major reasons companies recruit freshers for testing roles include: 

• Manual testing builds strong fundamentals.  

• Automation testing supports speed and repeatability.  

• Freshers can be trained quickly on real projects.  

• Testing skills are needed across web, mobile, API, and cloud applications.  

What Interviewers Look for in Freshers 

Because of this growing demand, interviews often include manual and automation testing interview questions for freshers to evaluate important skills such as: 

• Basic testing knowledge.  

• Logical thinking and problem-solving ability.  

• Willingness to learn automation testing.  

This article is written step by step, in simple language, specifically for fresh graduates and beginners. It explains the core concepts of software testing before moving on to commonly asked interview questions and practical examples. 

What Is Software Testing? (Simple Explanation) 

Software Testing is the process of checking whether a software application works correctly and as expected. It helps verify that every feature functions according to business requirements and provides a smooth user experience. 

Instead of assuming software works correctly, testers validate each feature by executing different scenarios and comparing the actual results with the expected results. 

Simple Example 

Consider a login page. 

The testing process involves the following steps: 

• User enters a username and password.  

• User clicks the Login button.  

• If the credentials are correct, the login should be successful.  

• If the credentials are incorrect, an appropriate error message should be displayed.  

What Does Testing Check? 

While testing the login functionality, a tester verifies several things, including: 

• Is the login functionality working correctly?  

• Are the displayed error messages accurate?  

• Does the application crash during any scenario?  

• Is the application behaving as expected for valid and invalid inputs?  

Main Goals of Software Testing 

The primary objectives of software testing are: 

• Find bugs early.  

• Improve software quality.  

• Ensure a good user experience.  

Finding defects before software reaches customers reduces maintenance costs, improves customer satisfaction, and helps deliver reliable applications. 

What Is Manual Testing? 

Manual Testing means testing software by hand, without using automation tools. In this approach, testers interact with the application like real users and verify whether every feature behaves according to the expected requirements. 

Manual testing plays an important role because it helps testers understand application workflows, business requirements, and user behavior before moving into automation testing. 

What Does a Manual Tester Do? 

A manual tester performs several activities while testing an application, including: 

• Clicking buttons.  

• Entering different input values.  

• Observing the application’s behavior.  

• Comparing actual results with expected results.  

• Reporting bugs found during testing.  

Example of Manual Testing 

A simple example of manual testing is: 

• Enter an incorrect password.  

• Click the Login button.  

• Verify that the correct error message is displayed.  

This entire process is performed manually without writing any automation scripts. 

Why Is Manual Testing Important? 

Manual testing remains an essential part of software quality assurance because it helps testers: 

• Understand application functionality.  

• Improve analytical and logical thinking.  

• Identify usability issues.  

• Learn business requirements.  

• Build a strong foundation for automation testing.  

Manual testing is the foundation for automation testing. 

What Is Automation Testing? (For Freshers) 

Automation Testing uses tools and scripts to test software automatically instead of performing the same test cases manually every time. 

Automation is mainly used for repetitive testing activities where executing the same test repeatedly by hand becomes time-consuming. 

Simple Explanation 

Instead of repeating the same test manually: 

• Write a script once.  

• Execute it multiple times whenever required.  

This saves time and improves testing efficiency, especially during regression testing. 

Example 

Manual Testing 

• Enter username and password every time.  

• Click the Login button manually.  

• Verify the result manually.  

Automation Testing 

• The automation script enters the username.  

• The script enters the password.  

• The script clicks the Login button.  

• The script automatically verifies whether the login is successful.  

Why Companies Use Automation Testing 

Organizations adopt automation testing because it provides several benefits, including: 

• Faster test execution.  

• Reduced repetitive manual work.  

• Improved accuracy.  

• Better test coverage.  

• Reusable test scripts.  

• Support for Agile and DevOps development.  

• Faster software releases.  

What Freshers Should Know 

Freshers are not expected to be expert automation engineers. Instead, interviewers generally expect candidates to understand the basic concepts of automation testing, including: 

• What automation testing is.  

• Why automation testing is needed.  

• How automation differs from manual testing.  

• Basic knowledge of popular automation tools such as Selenium.  

• Willingness to learn scripting and automation frameworks.  

Understanding these fundamentals is usually enough to answer basic automation testing interview questions for freshers and demonstrate readiness to learn on real projects. 

Manual and Automation Testing Interview Questions for Freshers 

 Basic Testing Questions (1–20) 

1. What is Software Testing? 

Software Testing is the process of checking whether a software application works correctly according to the specified requirements. It involves executing the application, identifying defects, and verifying that every feature behaves as expected. 

The main objective of software testing is to ensure that the software is reliable, secure, user-friendly, and free from critical defects before it is released to customers. 

Example: 
If a login page should allow only registered users to log in, testing verifies that valid users can log in successfully while invalid users receive an appropriate error message. 

2. Why is Testing Important? 

Testing is important because it helps identify bugs before the software reaches end users. Finding defects early reduces development costs, improves software quality, and increases customer satisfaction. 

Without proper testing, software may crash, produce incorrect results, expose security vulnerabilities, or provide a poor user experience. 

Benefits of Testing 

• Finds defects before release.  

• Improves software quality.  

• Reduces maintenance costs.  

• Ensures customer satisfaction.  

• Verifies business requirements.  

• Builds confidence in the product.  

3. What is a Bug? 

A bug, also called a defect or issue, is an error in the software that causes the application to behave differently from the expected result. 

Bugs can occur because of coding mistakes, incorrect requirements, design flaws, or integration issues. 

Example: 

Expected Result: 
Clicking the Login button should open the dashboard. 

Actual Result: 
The application crashes after clicking Login. 

This difference is considered a bug. 

4. What is Manual Testing? 

Manual Testing is the process of testing software without using automation tools. Testers manually execute test cases, interact with the application, compare expected and actual results, and report any defects they find. 

Manual testing is essential because it helps testers understand business requirements, application workflows, and user experience. 

Activities Performed in Manual Testing 

• Executing test cases.  

• Entering different input values.  

• Clicking buttons and navigating screens.  

• Verifying outputs.  

• Reporting defects.  

5. What is Automation Testing? 

Automation Testing is the process of testing software using automation tools and scripts instead of manually executing test cases every time. 

Automation is mainly used for repetitive, regression, and large-scale testing where manual execution would take more time. 

Benefits 

• Faster execution.  

• Reusable scripts.  

• Higher accuracy.  

• Saves time.  

• Supports continuous testing.  

6. Can Automation Replace Manual Testing? 

No. Automation testing cannot completely replace manual testing. 

Automation is excellent for repetitive and regression testing, while manual testing is still necessary for exploratory testing, usability testing, ad-hoc testing, and evaluating the overall user experience. 

Both manual and automation testing complement each other. 

7. What is a Test Case? 

A Test Case is a detailed document containing the steps, test data, expected result, and actual result used to verify a specific functionality. 

A good test case ensures that a feature works correctly under different conditions. 

A Test Case Usually Includes 

• Test Case ID  

• Scenario  

• Preconditions  

• Test Steps  

• Test Data  

• Expected Result  

• Actual Result  

• Status  

8. What is a Test Scenario? 

A Test Scenario is a high-level description of what needs to be tested. It focuses on the functionality without describing every individual step. 

Example: 

Test Scenario: 
Verify Login Functionality. 

Under this scenario, multiple detailed test cases can be created for valid login, invalid login, empty fields, and password validation. 

9. Difference Between Test Case and Test Scenario? 

A Test Scenario is a high-level testing objective, whereas a Test Case contains detailed testing steps. 

Test Scenario	Test Case
High-level idea	Detailed document
Covers functionality	Covers step-by-step validation
Less detailed	Highly detailed
Easier to write	More time-consuming

10. What is Verification? 

Verification is the process of checking documents, requirements, designs, and specifications without executing the application. 

It answers the question: 

“Are we building the product correctly?” 

Verification includes: 

• Requirement reviews  

• Design reviews  

• Code reviews  

• Walkthroughs  

• Inspections  

11. What is Validation? 

Validation is the process of executing the software to verify that it satisfies user requirements. 

It answers the question: 

“Are we building the right product?” 

Validation includes different types of testing performed on the actual application. 

12. What is SDLC? 

SDLC stands for Software Development Life Cycle. 

It is a structured process followed to develop software from initial planning to maintenance. 

SDLC Phases 

• Requirement Gathering  

• Analysis  

• Design  

• Development  

• Testing  

• Deployment  

• Maintenance  

13. What is STLC? 

STLC stands for Software Testing Life Cycle. 

It describes all testing activities performed during software development. 

STLC Phases 

• Requirement Analysis  

• Test Planning  

• Test Case Development  

• Environment Setup  

• Test Execution  

• Defect Reporting  

• Test Closure  

14. What is Black Box Testing? 

Black Box Testing is a testing technique in which testers verify application functionality without knowing the internal source code. 

The tester focuses only on inputs and outputs. 

Example 

Entering valid login credentials and checking whether login succeeds. 

15. What is Functional Testing? 

Functional Testing verifies that every feature works according to business requirements. 

It checks what the application does rather than how it is built. 

Examples include: 

• Login Testing  

• Registration Testing  

• Payment Testing  

• Search Functionality Testing  

16. What is Non-Functional Testing? 

Non-Functional Testing evaluates aspects other than functionality. 

It checks how well the system performs. 

Examples include: 

• Performance Testing  

• Load Testing  

• Security Testing  

• Compatibility Testing  

• Usability Testing  

17. What is Smoke Testing? 

Smoke Testing is a basic level of testing performed after receiving a new software build. 

Its purpose is to verify that critical functionalities work properly before detailed testing begins. 

Examples include: 

• Login works.  

• Dashboard opens.  

• Application launches successfully.  

18. What is Sanity Testing? 

Sanity Testing is a quick round of testing performed after minor code changes or bug fixes. 

Its purpose is to verify that the modified functionality works correctly without performing complete regression testing. 

19. What is Regression Testing? 

Regression Testing verifies that existing functionalities continue to work correctly after new changes, bug fixes, or enhancements. 

It ensures that recent modifications have not introduced new defects into previously working features. 

Regression testing is one of the most common areas where automation testing is used. 

20. What is a Build? 

A Build is a compiled version of the software provided by developers for testing. 

Each build contains new features, enhancements, or bug fixes that testers need to verify before release. 

Manual Testing Interview Questions (21–40) 

21. What is Positive Testing? 

Positive Testing verifies that the application works correctly when users provide valid inputs. 

It ensures that expected functionality behaves correctly under normal conditions. 

Example: Logging in with a valid username and password. 

22. What is Negative Testing? 

Negative Testing verifies how the application behaves when users provide invalid, unexpected, or incorrect inputs. 

The objective is to ensure the application handles errors gracefully without crashing. 

Example: Entering an incorrect password and checking whether an appropriate error message is displayed. 

23. What is Boundary Value Analysis (BVA)? 

Boundary Value Analysis is a black-box testing technique that focuses on testing values at the minimum, maximum, and just inside or outside the allowed input range. 

Since defects often occur at boundary limits, this technique helps identify edge-case issues. 

Example: If the allowed age range is 18–60, test values such as 17, 18, 19, 59, 60, and 61. 

24. What is Equivalence Partitioning? 

Equivalence Partitioning is a testing technique where input data is divided into valid and invalid groups (partitions). Instead of testing every possible value, one representative value from each partition is tested. 

This reduces the number of test cases while maintaining good test coverage. 

Example: For an age field accepting values from 18 to 60: 

• Valid partition: 18–60  

• Invalid partitions: Less than 18 and greater than 60  

25. What is Severity? 

Severity indicates how serious a defect is and how much it impacts the application’s functionality. 

A high-severity defect can cause major functionality to fail, while a low-severity defect may only affect appearance. 

Example: Application crash on login is a high-severity defect. 

26. What is Priority? 

Priority indicates how quickly a defect should be fixed based on business needs. 

A high-priority bug should be resolved immediately, even if its severity is low. 

Example: A spelling mistake on the home page may have low severity but high priority if it affects the company’s brand image. 

27. Difference Between Severity and Priority? 

Severity refers to the impact of a defect on the application, whereas priority refers to the urgency with which the defect should be fixed. 

Severity	Priority
Measures impact	Measures urgency
Decided by testers	Usually decided by business or project managers
Technical perspective	Business perspective

28. What is Defect Life Cycle? 

The Defect Life Cycle describes the various stages a bug goes through from the time it is reported until it is fixed and closed. 

Typical stages include: 

• New  

• Assigned  

• Open  

• Fixed  

• Retest  

• Reopened (if necessary)  

• Closed  

29. What are Defect Statuses? 

Common defect statuses include: 

• New: Bug has been reported.  

• Open: Bug is being analyzed.  

• Fixed: Developer has fixed the issue.  

• Retest: Tester verifies the fix.  

• Closed: Bug is resolved and verified.  

Additional statuses in some projects include Assigned, Rejected, Deferred, Duplicate, and Reopened. 

30. What is Re-testing? 

Re-testing is the process of testing a defect again after the developer has fixed it. 

The tester executes the same test case to confirm that the issue has been resolved. 

Unlike regression testing, re-testing focuses only on the specific defect that was fixed. 

31. What is UAT? 

User Acceptance Testing (UAT) is the final phase of testing performed by end users or business representatives. 

The purpose is to verify that the application meets business requirements and is ready for production use. 

32. What is Exploratory Testing? 

Exploratory Testing is an approach where testers explore the application without predefined test cases. 

They simultaneously learn the application, design tests, and execute them to discover unexpected defects. 

33. What is Ad-hoc Testing? 

Ad-hoc Testing is an informal testing technique performed without documentation or predefined test cases. 

Its objective is to quickly identify defects based on the tester’s knowledge and experience. 

34. What is Defect Leakage? 

Defect Leakage occurs when a defect is not identified during testing and is discovered by end users after the software has been released. 

It indicates that the defect escaped the testing process. 

35. What is Defect Density? 

Defect Density is a software quality metric that measures the number of defects found in a software module relative to its size. 

It helps assess the overall quality of the software. 

36. What is Alpha Testing? 

Alpha Testing is internal testing conducted by the organization’s testing or development team before releasing the software to external users. 

Its purpose is to identify major defects before beta testing begins. 

37. What is Beta Testing? 

Beta Testing is performed by real users in a real-world environment before the official product release. 

It helps gather user feedback and identify issues that may not have been found during internal testing. 

38. What is Usability Testing? 

Usability Testing evaluates how easy, intuitive, and user-friendly an application is for end users. 

It focuses on user experience, navigation, accessibility, and ease of use. 

39. What is Compatibility Testing? 

Compatibility Testing verifies that an application works correctly across different browsers, operating systems, devices, screen resolutions, and network environments. 

Examples include testing on Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Android, and iOS devices. 

40. Why is Manual Testing Important? 

Manual Testing is important because it helps testers understand application behavior, business requirements, and user workflows. It is essential for exploratory testing, usability testing, and scenarios where human observation and judgment are required. It also builds a strong foundation for learning automation testing. 

 Automation Testing Interview Questions (41–65) 

41. What are the Benefits of Automation Testing? 

Automation testing helps organizations execute test cases quickly and consistently by using automation tools and scripts. It is especially useful for repetitive testing activities and large applications where manual testing would take considerable time. 

Automation improves testing efficiency, reduces human errors, and supports continuous software delivery. 

Benefits of Automation Testing 

• Faster test execution.  

• Reusable automation scripts.  

• Improved accuracy with fewer human errors.  

• Saves time and effort.  

• Increases test coverage.  

• Supports regression testing.  

• Enables continuous testing in Agile and DevOps.  

• Provides faster feedback to developers.  

42. Which Test Cases Are Best for Automation? 

Not every test case should be automated. Automation is most effective for repetitive and stable test cases that need to be executed frequently. 

Test Cases Suitable for Automation 

• Regression test cases.  

• Smoke test cases.  

• Repetitive test cases.  

• Data-driven test cases.  

• Cross-browser testing.  

• Large-volume test execution.  

• Stable application features.  

These types of test cases provide the highest return on investment because they save significant testing time. 

43. Which Test Cases Should Not Be Automated? 

Certain types of testing require human judgment and are better performed manually. 

Test Cases That Should Not Be Automated 

• One-time test cases.  

• Usability testing.  

• Exploratory testing.  

• Ad-hoc testing.  

• Frequently changing features.  

• Visual verification.  

• User experience testing.  

Manual testing is more effective in these scenarios because it allows testers to observe application behavior from an end-user perspective. 

44. What is a Test Script? 

A Test Script is a program written in an automation language that performs test steps automatically. 

Instead of manually entering inputs and verifying results every time, a test script performs those actions automatically and compares the actual result with the expected result. 

A Test Script Can 

• Open the application.  

• Enter test data.  

• Click buttons.  

• Verify results.  

• Generate reports.  

45. What is an Automation Testing Tool? 

An Automation Testing Tool is software that helps testers automate test execution instead of performing tests manually. 

These tools execute test scripts, validate results, and generate reports automatically. 

Common Automation Testing Tools 

• Selenium  

• Playwright  

• Cypress  

• Appium  

• TestComplete  

• Katalon Studio  

46. Name a Popular Automation Tool. 

The most popular automation testing tool is Selenium. 

Selenium is widely used for automating web applications because it is free, open-source, and supports multiple programming languages and browsers. 

47. Is Selenium Free or Paid? 

Selenium is free and open-source. 

There are no licensing costs, which makes Selenium one of the most widely used automation tools in the software testing industry. 

Its large community also provides extensive documentation, tutorials, and support. 

48. Which Languages Does Selenium Support? 

Selenium supports multiple programming languages, allowing testers to use the language they are most comfortable with. 

Selenium Supports 

• Java  

• Python  

• C#  

• JavaScript  

• Ruby  

Among these, Java is the most commonly used language in automation testing projects. 

49. What is a Locator? 

A Locator is a technique used to identify and interact with elements on a web page during automation testing. 

Without locators, automation tools cannot find buttons, text boxes, links, or other UI elements. 

Locators Are Used To 

• Click buttons.  

• Enter text.  

• Read values.  

• Select dropdown options.  

• Verify UI elements.  

50. Name Some Locators. 

Common Selenium locators include: 

• ID  

• Name  

• Class Name  

• Tag Name  

• Link Text  

• Partial Link Text  

• XPath  

• CSS Selector  

Among these, ID is generally the fastest and most reliable locator when available. 

51. What is XPath? 

XPath (XML Path Language) is a locator strategy used to identify elements in an HTML or XML document. 

XPath is especially useful when elements do not have unique IDs or Names. 

XPath Can Be 

• Absolute XPath  

• Relative XPath  

Relative XPath is preferred because it is more flexible and less likely to break after UI changes. 

52. What is Regression Automation? 

Regression Automation is the process of automating regression test cases so they can be executed repeatedly after every code change. 

It ensures that existing functionality continues to work correctly after bug fixes or new feature development. 

Regression automation saves significant testing time in Agile projects where software changes frequently. 

53. What is an Automation Framework? 

An Automation Framework is a structured approach for organizing automation scripts, test data, reusable functions, reporting, and configuration files. 

A framework makes automation scripts easier to maintain, reuse, and scale. 

Benefits of Automation Frameworks 

• Better code organization.  

• Easy maintenance.  

• Code reusability.  

• Improved reporting.  

• Faster script development.  

• Reduced duplication.  

54. What is a Data-Driven Framework? 

A Data-Driven Framework separates test data from automation scripts. 

Instead of hardcoding input values, the test data is stored in external files such as: 

• Excel files  

• CSV files  

• JSON files  

• XML files  

• Databases  

The same automation script can then run multiple times using different sets of test data. 

55. What is Page Object Model (POM)? 

Page Object Model (POM) is a design pattern used in Selenium automation. 

It separates the web page elements from the test logic by creating separate classes for each page of the application. 

Advantages of POM 

• Better code readability.  

• Easy maintenance.  

• Reduced code duplication.  

• Improved reusability.  

• Easier updates when UI changes.  

POM is widely used in real-world Selenium automation frameworks. 

56. What is Assertion? 

An Assertion is a validation statement used to compare the expected result with the actual result during automation testing. 

If both values match, the test passes. Otherwise, the test fails. 

Example 

Expected Page Title: 
Dashboard 

Actual Page Title: 
Dashboard 

Result: 
Test Passed. 

Assertions help determine whether an automated test has executed successfully. 

57. What is a Synchronization Issue? 

A Synchronization Issue occurs when an automation script executes faster than the application. 

For example, if Selenium tries to click a button before it becomes visible, the script may fail even though the application is working correctly. 

Synchronization issues are one of the most common reasons for automation failures. 

58. What are Waits in Automation? 

Waits are commands that pause script execution until a specific condition is met. 

They help synchronize automation scripts with application behavior. 

Types of Waits 

• Implicit Wait  

• Explicit Wait  

• Fluent Wait  

Using appropriate waits improves script stability and reduces failures caused by timing issues. 

59. What is a Test Suite? 

A Test Suite is a collection of multiple test cases grouped together and executed as a single unit. 

Test suites help organize tests based on modules, features, or release cycles. 

Example 

A Login Test Suite may contain: 

• Valid Login  

• Invalid Login  

• Empty Username  

• Empty Password  

• Forgot Password  

60. What is a Test Execution Report? 

A Test Execution Report is a summary of all test execution results after testing is completed. 

It provides useful information about the testing progress and quality of the application. 

A Typical Report Includes 

• Total test cases executed.  

• Passed test cases.  

• Failed test cases.  

• Skipped test cases.  

• Execution time.  

• Defect summary.  

61. What is a Flaky Test? 

A Flaky Test is an automated test that produces inconsistent results without any actual changes to the application. 

For example, the same test may pass during one execution and fail during another. 

Common causes include: 

• Synchronization issues.  

• Unstable test environments.  

• Dynamic UI elements.  

• Network delays.  

• Poor test design.  

62. What is CI/CD? 

CI/CD stands for Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery (or Continuous Deployment). 

It is a software development practice where code changes are automatically built, tested, and deployed. 

Benefits of CI/CD 

• Faster software releases.  

• Automated testing.  

• Early bug detection.  

• Improved collaboration.  

• Reduced deployment errors.  

Automation testing is an essential part of modern CI/CD pipelines. 

63. What is Version Control? 

Version Control is a system used to manage changes made to source code and automation scripts over time. 

It allows multiple team members to work together while tracking every modification. 

Benefits of Version Control 

• Maintains code history.  

• Supports team collaboration.  

• Enables rollback to previous versions.  

• Prevents code conflicts.  

• Improves code management.  

Git is the most commonly used version control system. 

64. Why Do Automation Scripts Fail After a UI Change? 

Automation scripts often fail after UI changes because the locators used to identify web elements become invalid. 

For example, if a button’s ID, XPath, or CSS Selector changes, Selenium will no longer be able to locate that element. 

Other reasons include: 

• Changed HTML structure.  

• Dynamic element IDs.  

• Modified page layouts.  

• Synchronization issues.  

• Incorrect locator strategy.  

Updating the locators usually resolves the issue. 

65. Why Should Freshers Learn Automation? 

Learning automation testing provides freshers with better career opportunities because most software companies use automation alongside manual testing. 

Although manual testing builds strong fundamentals, automation skills significantly increase employability and salary potential. 

Benefits for Freshers 

• Better career growth.  

• Higher industry demand.  

• Increased job opportunities.  

• Faster testing skills.  

• Knowledge of modern Agile and DevOps practices.  

• Better chances of working on enterprise projects.  

Learning tools such as Selenium, along with basic programming in Java or Python, can help freshers build a successful career in software testing. 

Scenario-Based QA Questions for Beginners 

66. Login Button Is Not Working. What Will You Do? 

If the Login button is not working, the first step is to reproduce the issue consistently. After confirming the problem, compare the expected behavior with the actual behavior to determine whether it is a defect. 

Steps to Follow 

1. Reproduce the issue.  

2. Verify the expected behavior from the requirement document.  

3. Compare the expected result with the actual result.  

4. Check whether the issue occurs on different browsers or devices.  

5. Collect screenshots, logs, or error messages if available.  

6. Log a detailed bug in the defect tracking tool with all necessary information.  

67. The Application Crashes After Clicking the Submit Button. What Is the Severity? 

This is a High Severity defect because the application’s core functionality is interrupted, preventing users from completing their task. 

If many users are affected or the issue blocks important business processes, it may also be assigned High Priority for immediate resolution. 

68. There Is a Spelling Mistake on the Homepage. What Is the Priority? 

A spelling mistake generally has Low Priority because it does not affect the application’s functionality. 

However, if the typo appears on a company logo, promotional banner, legal notice, or other highly visible content, the business team may increase its priority even though the severity remains low. 

69. Manual Test Passes but Automation Test Fails. Why? 

If the manual test passes but the automation test fails, the problem is usually with the automation script rather than the application itself. 

Common reasons include: 

• Incorrect or outdated locators.  

• Synchronization or timing issues.  

• Dynamic web elements.  

• Browser compatibility issues.  

• Test data problems.  

• Changes in the application’s UI.  

The tester should review the automation logs, update the locators if necessary, and use appropriate wait mechanisms to stabilize the script. 

70. A Bug Is Fixed but Another Feature Stops Working. What Testing Should Be Performed? 

In this situation, Regression Testing should be performed. 

Regression testing ensures that recent bug fixes or code changes have not negatively impacted existing functionality. It verifies that previously working features continue to function correctly after modifications, making it one of the most important testing activities in every software release. 

Sample Test Cases for Freshers 

Login Page Test Cases 

A test case is a document that describes the steps required to verify a specific functionality of an application. It includes the test scenario, execution steps, expected result, and actual outcome. Writing clear test cases helps testers execute testing consistently and ensures complete coverage of application features. 

One of the most common examples used during software testing interviews is the login page because it covers different user input scenarios. 

Sample Login Page Test Cases 

Test Case ID	Scenario	Steps	Expected Result
TC01	Valid Login	Enter a valid username and password, then click the Login button.	User should log in successfully and be redirected to the dashboard.
TC02	Invalid Login	Enter a valid username and an incorrect password, then click Login.	An appropriate error message such as “Invalid Username or Password” should be displayed.
TC03	Empty Fields	Leave the username and password fields blank and click Login.	Validation messages should be displayed asking the user to enter the required information.

Additional Login Test Cases 

You can also create additional test cases for better test coverage, such as: 

• Verify login with an invalid username and valid password.  

• Verify login using special characters.  

• Verify login with SQL injection attempts.  

• Verify the Forgot Password functionality.  

• Verify the Remember Me option.  

• Verify password masking.  

• Verify the login button is disabled until mandatory fields are entered.  

• Verify session timeout after successful login.  

These examples demonstrate your understanding of positive testing, negative testing, and validation testing during interviews. 

Mobile Application Test Case 

Mobile application testing ensures that an app installs correctly, launches successfully, and performs as expected on supported devices. 

Scenario: App Installation 

The objective of this test case is to verify that the application can be installed and launched successfully without errors. 

Test Steps 

1. Download the application from the official app store or testing environment.  

2. Install the application on the mobile device.  

3. Verify that the installation completes successfully.  

4. Check whether the application icon appears on the device.  

5. Tap the application icon.  

6. Verify that the application launches successfully.  

Expected Results 

• The application should install successfully without any installation errors.  

• The application icon should appear on the device after installation.  

• The application should open successfully without crashing.  

• The home screen or login screen should load correctly.  

• The application should respond normally to user interactions.  

API/UI Simple Test Idea 

Modern applications usually consist of both a backend API and a frontend user interface. Testers often verify that the information returned by the API is displayed correctly on the UI. 

Scenario 

A user logs into an application and views profile information. 

API Validation 

Verify that: 

• The API returns a successful HTTP status code (200 OK).  

• The response contains the correct user information.  

• Required fields are present.  

• Response time is within the acceptable limit.  

• No unexpected error messages are returned.  

UI Validation 

Verify that: 

• The UI displays the correct data received from the API.  

• User details match the API response.  

• No missing or incorrect information is shown.  

• The application displays data without formatting issues.  

• The page loads successfully without errors.  

Testing both the API and UI helps ensure that backend services and frontend applications work correctly together. 

Bug Report Writing Example for Freshers 

A Bug Report is a document used to describe a defect found during testing. A well-written bug report helps developers understand the issue quickly, reproduce it, and fix it efficiently. 

A good bug report should be clear, complete, and include all the necessary information. 

Sample Bug Report 

Bug ID 

BUG_501 

Title 

Login Button Not Responding 

Module 

Login 

Steps to Reproduce 

1. Open the application.  

2. Navigate to the Login page.  

3. Enter valid username and password.  

4. Click the Login button.  

Expected Result 

The user should be logged in successfully and redirected to the dashboard. 

Actual Result 

Clicking the Login button produces no response, and the user remains on the login page. 

Severity 

High 

The defect prevents users from accessing the application. 

Priority 

High 

The issue should be fixed immediately because users cannot log in. 

Status 

New 

The defect has been identified and reported for developer analysis. 

Tips to Answer Confidently in Interviews 

Interviewers evaluate not only your technical knowledge but also your communication skills and confidence. Even if you are a fresher, explaining concepts clearly and confidently can leave a positive impression. 

Follow These Tips 

• Be strong in manual testing fundamentals before learning automation.  

• Explain automation concepts using simple language.  

• Use real-life examples whenever possible.  

• If you don’t know an answer, explain your thought process instead of guessing.  

• Do not panic if coding questions are asked. Freshers are usually expected to know only basic programming concepts.  

• Practice manual and automation testing interview questions regularly.  

• Revise important testing concepts before attending interviews.  

• Maintain confidence and communicate your answers clearly.  

Good communication combined with strong testing fundamentals significantly improves your interview performance. 

Quick Revision Sheet (Last-Minute Preparation) 

Before attending an interview, revise these important concepts: 

Concept	Quick Revision
Software Testing	Process of checking software quality and correctness.
Manual Testing	Testing performed without automation tools.
Automation Testing	Testing performed using automation tools and scripts.
Best Candidates for Automation	Regression, smoke, and repetitive test cases.
Test Case	A detailed document containing test steps, test data, and expected results.
Bug	Difference between expected and actual behavior.
Severity	Measures the impact of a defect on the application.
Priority	Indicates how urgently a defect should be fixed.

Reviewing these concepts just before the interview helps refresh your knowledge and improves your confidence. 

FAQs – Manual and Automation Testing Interview Questions for Freshers 

Q1. Is Manual Testing Mandatory Before Automation? 

Yes. Manual testing is highly recommended before learning automation testing because it helps you understand software behavior, testing concepts, business requirements, and defect identification. A strong foundation in manual testing makes learning automation tools much easier. 

Q2. Can Freshers Learn Both Manual and Automation Testing? 

Yes. Freshers can learn both manual and automation testing simultaneously. Starting with manual testing concepts and gradually learning automation tools such as Selenium, along with basic programming in Java or Python, significantly improves job opportunities and career growth. 

Q3. Do Freshers Need Coding Skills for Automation? 

Freshers do not need advanced programming skills to begin automation testing. Basic knowledge of programming concepts such as variables, loops, conditions, methods, and object-oriented programming is usually sufficient to start learning automation tools like Selenium. 

As experience grows, programming skills can be improved further to build advanced automation frameworks. 

Q4. Which Testing Role Is Best for Freshers? 

For most fresh graduates, the ideal career path is to begin with Manual Testing because it helps develop a strong understanding of testing principles, software development processes, and defect reporting. 

After gaining confidence in manual testing, freshers can move into Automation Testing by learning Selenium, Java or Python, TestNG, API testing, CI/CD concepts, and automation frameworks. Having knowledge of both manual and automation testing makes candidates more competitive in the software testing industry and opens up better career opportunities.